The First American Army By Bruce Chadwick Essay - 1612 Words

The main topics of â€Å"The First American Army† are the stories of eight men and their marches into battle, during the American Revolution. Bruce Chadwick, the author of â€Å"The First American Army†, is a professor, historian, lecturer, and author of over 28 books. He earned his doctorate in American History at Rutgers University, where he now teaches part-time. The American Revolution seemed like an interesting subject. The first chapter was about the battle of Bunker Hill. This battle took place on the seventeenth of June, 1775 in what was known as the Charlestown peninsula. The battle was over dominance of three highly elevated hills, Bunker, Breed’s, and Morton’s, which were held by the American rebels. General Thomas Gage, the commanding general for the British, ordered an artillery attack on the hills followed by an attack of more than fifteen hundred troops. The most amusing part of the primary assault was that after landing General William Howe , the man in charge of the operation, realized that they had the wrong size cannonballs for their cannon. Howe was forced to sent boats back for the right sized cannonballs, which was extremely amusing. Howe’s army slowly marched it’s way to Breed’s hill, where the Americans were patiently waiting for the British forces to get in close enough for their attack to do serious damage. The Americans attacked the British army with such ferocity that the British were forced to turn back and regroup. It took three assaults from the BritishShow MoreRelatedReasons to Join the Revolutionary War as Portrayed in The Patriot2035 Words   |  9 Pagesarguments. Eventually these arguments and miscommunications lead to the Revolutionary War, provoking many American Colonists to join the Continental Army. Each soldier from the militia to the regular recruits had reasons to fight; many of these reasons were influenced by the first Age of Enlightenment and other reasons were fo rmed by personal experiences with the conflicts of Britannia and the American Colonies. The movie, The Patriot, presented many reasons that are supported by major historical documentsRead MoreJefferson Davis1839 Words   |  8 Pagessupervise construction along the frontier until he was called upon for the Blackhawk War in Mississippi. He himself escorted Blackhawk to prison, and it is said that Blackhawk appreciated and liked Davis for his kindness. After he resigned from the army in 1835 he decided to marry the daughter of Colonel Zachary Taylor and to tend to his plantation. After his wife’s sudden death of malaria, Davis became somewhat of a social hermit for eight years and read many books about politics and philosophyRead More Ed Zwick’s Glory - An Exemplary Model for Historical Films Essay example2155 Words   |  9 Pagesabout African-Americans during the Civil War? One which happens to have a brave young Boston Brahmin as the supposed leader of a colore d battalion? Surely he does not have the license to create a film based on a heritage with which he has no affinity. Director Ed Zwick was apprehensive with the task and struggled with his entitlement to create such a film. I was afraid initially that a young, white, liberal, Jewish director would be presuming a lot to talk to them [African-American actors] about

Case Study Area Risk Assessment - 862 Words

ITGC Area Risk Assessment IT Management Low Systems Development Low Data Security Medium Change Management Low Business Continuity Planning High Alexandra DeHaven IT General Controls ITGC Area Summary of Issue Strength or Weakness IT Management FFC has an IT strategic plan Strength IT Management FFC has an IT Steering Committee Strength IT Management VP Information Security reports to CIO Weakness IT Management FFC plan matches IT plan Strength IT Management VP Applications reports to CIO Weakness IT Management Steering Committee Members 5/7 report to CIO Weakness IT Management VP Operations reports to CIO Weakness IT Management VP Database Administration reports to CIO Weakness IT Management CIO Reports to the CFO Strength Systems†¦show more content†¦FFC recently implemented a fingerprint bio-coding payment system in its stores and this implementation required that FFC change other systems as well. An IT General Control (ITGC) review is mandatory to meet SAS 109’s risk assessment procedures and SOX Section 404 Management Assessment of Internal Controls requirements. This is also important because it builds a foundation to begin the implementation on. Purpose: The ITCG controls are important for both security reasons as well as data validation for the systems within a company that manage financial data. There are high costs that come with protecting a data and it is important to identify all the possible risks that a company may end up facing and creating a plan for protection. Scope: As stated by Sophie Ewing, the audit senior, the team reviewed the technical issues related to FFC’s internal controls and evaluated FFC’s operating systems, its telecommunications software, and its network configuration and firewall. The evaluation changes how the financial auditor assesses the risk ofShow MoreRelatedReviewing An Report Written That Should Address The Points982 Words   |  4 Pagessome experiments and tests, Should study, apply, circular statistics ,Should draw some curves on 2D or 3D, Should deduce TPM (transition probability matrix), TRM (transition rate matrix) for Markov process, Should deduce the utilization factor of the roads, Should deduce the maximum capacity of the road ,Should deduce the local balance equation and study the probability of existence in every state. Now we should answer, did the accidents are seasoning? The risk analysis is very weak (no formula hadRead MoreBelmont Report1279 Words   |  6 Pagesregarding informed consent, assessment of risk and benefits, and selection of subjects in addition to ethical practice and procedure in the area of human research are outlined. The Belmont Report attempts to summarize the basic ethical principles identified by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (Belmont Report, 1979). In particular I would like to discuss the standards for informed consent, assessment of risk and benefits, and selectionRead MoreChild Sexual Violence And Sexual Abuse1371 Words   |  6 PagesChild on child sexual violence/assault cases has been on the rise. Sexual Violence is defined by Webster’s dictionary as any illegal sexual contact that usually involves force upon a person without consent or is inflicted upon a person who is incapable of giving consent (as because of age or physical or mental inc apacity) or who places the assailant (as a doctor) in a position of trust or authority. There is growing understanding that the vast majority of children who has experienced sexual assaultRead MoreEnv/420 Ecology and Wildlife Risk Evaluation Analysis Essay example1678 Words   |  7 Pagesand Ecological Risk Assessment Ecology and Wildlife Risk Evaluation Analysis ENV/420 This analysis of case studies from Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the case study to predict the effects of pesticides on aquatic systems and the waterfowl that uses them. Comparing the two processes of these case studies, along with analysis of the assessments. Describing the case study on the effectsRead MoreEssay on 208 Task C Case Studies625 Words   |  3 PagesAssignment 208 – Task C – Case studies case study one Introduction Winston is a social care worker supporting young people with learning disabilities in the community. One evening, he visits an individual to find that a pipe has burst in their roof, water is running down the light fitting and onto the bathroom floor. The definition of Hazard means something that could cause harm, and Risk means the likelihood of a hazard causing harm. Winston has called in on a person he supportsRead MoreEffects of Alcohol Abuse1616 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol abuse The term alcohol abuse in this case encompasses harmful use of alcohol and misuse of alcohol resulting from dependence. The experience of alcohol abuse can have far-reaching consequences on the family, the community, and the nation. According to NIDA, drug and substance abuse costs the nation $600 Billion every year. This cost factors in crime, healthcare, and lost productivity. Alcohol accounts for 40% of this cost. It is, therefore, necessary, within the context of the family, toRead MoreA Nursing Assessment For Pressure Ulcers1354 Words   |  6 Pageswith the costs of post-pressure ulcer treatment. There are many risk factors for pressure ulceration; however, most concerning patient factors include: low body weight, mental status changes, immobility, impaired wound healing, incontinence, type one and type two diabetes, edema, altered circulation, low serum albumin, and malnutrition. Perhaps the most important step in prevention begins with a comprehensive integument nursing asse ssment for pressure ulcers. There are many pressure ulcer preventionRead MoreAn Empirical Analysis Of Supply Chain Risk Management1692 Words   |  7 PagesHoenig in the paper titled â€Å"An empirical analysis of supply chain risk management in the German automotive industry† applied the practices of supply chain risk management by surveying sixty-seven manufacturing plants in German automotive industry. The need of real empirical research in supply chain risk management to help analyzing supply chain risk and test the previous research proposed instruments that can be applied for supply chain risk management was the motivation of this work. In this paper, theRead MoreProject Risk Management - Fluidity in Risk Planning Case Study1098 Words   |  5 PagesRisk Paper 2 Project Risk Management- Professor Hurst Fluidity in Risk Planning – A Case Study One of the most important steps within a project is risk management because it plans for and responds to risks that impact the overall project deliverables including budget and timeframe. Risk management is used to mitigate risk in ways that align with each individual risk and its potential impact. During the risk management process risks are identified and defined and a plan to control, monitor andRead MoreCase Study : Named Food Fantastic Company1046 Words   |  5 Pages The company addressed in this case study is named Food Fantastic Company (FFC). The company headquarters is in Mason, Maryland, and it is considered a publicly traded regional grocery store chain. Their competitive edge is in the programs implemented to manage and organize their data center. Recently, the company issued a new system regarding payments that uses fingerprints bio coding. The reason for the review is basically the new implementation of such a huge system in which the company needs

Conditions on Each Planet Free Essays

Mercury : Due to mercury being extremely close to the sun, causes its planet to have no atmosphere. If any air was ever around Mercury, it would have been within its early years and from that point to now, it is gone because of all of the heat being given off of the sun. Mercury has crazy weather issues because of the lack of atmosphere, which includes a drastic weather change within day to night. We will write a custom essay sample on Conditions on Each Planet or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whenever the sun touches the surface of Mercury, that is when the climate reaches its highess at 801 degrees Fahrenheit in the day time. Because of the lack of atmosphere in mercury, the Mercurial sky is black and the stars can be seen in broad daylight. The night time becomes a different situation, at this point it leaves it at a chilling climate where it is -300 degree Fahrenheit. Venus : Venus contains a wonderful thick atmosphere which is made up of 97% carbon dioxide. Venus’s pressure at the surface is 92 times stronger than on Earth. Its temperature goes to an extreme result of 900 degrees Fahrenheit, which mkes it the hottest planet of all. Its atmosphere is this way because of a strong volcanic activity during the past. Venus deals with sulfuric acid rain falls that come from its swirling clouds but is gone before even reaching the ground. Earth: Earth has the most dynamic weather in the solar system compared to the rest. The atmosphere has changed a lot compared to the Earth’s early atmosphere, but for the last billion years, it has remained pretty constant. There are 3 very different atmospheric problems that is needed to be kept close attention to. The three atmospheric problem are the greenhouse effect, damage to the ozone layer, and acid rain. The earth is surrounded by a blanket of gases, this blanket traps energy in the atmosphere, much the same way as glass traps heat inside a greenhouse. This results in an build up of energy, and the overall warming of the atmosphere. The greenhouse effect is a natural process which made life on Earth possible. Ozone is oxygen that contains molecules that have 3 oxygen atoms. There is a layer of ozone high p in the atmosphere which shields the Earth from the sun’s harmful UV rays, these rays can lead to an increase in skin cancer. The ozone is present in very small quantities but it is enough to absorb the UV rays preventing them reaching the surface. Concentrations of ozone appeared to be dropping in certain areas of the world (the layer was starting to thin-out). The cause of this reduction was thought to be man-made. Rain water is naturally acidic due to carbon dioxide which par tially reacts with water to give carbonic acid. Acid rain is caused by other gases released when fossil fuels are burnt. Mars: Mars’s atmosphere made up of carbon dioxide, Venus’s atmosphere is much more than Mars. The temperatures on Mars ranges from 80 degrees to -200 degrees Fahrenheit. Mars experiences seasons too. There is dust storms that are frequently occurring. Mars’s atmosphere, has fog and frost forming on the Red Planet because of the water vapor. Jupiter: Jupiter’s atmosphere has clouds which are striped with dark belts and light zones. High winds and lightning are a regular feature on Jupiter. Other small eddies and whorls form and dissipate in the cloud layers. The temperature on Jupiter is approximately -234 degrees Fahrenheit only. Saturn: Like the other gas giant planets, Saturn’s atmosphere is mainly hydrogen and helium. Saturn is a windy planet, with 1,000 mile an hour, winds do a good job of mixing the atmosphere and making it appear homogeneous through Earth based telescopes. Saturn’s tilt creates seasons and uneven temperatures on the planet. The top of the clouds have an average temperature of -285 degrees Fahrenheit, with warmer temperatures deeper in. A churning hexagonal cloud formation has been spotted near the North Pole and has persisted for a few decades now. Uranus: Uranus is unlike the other planets in that it is tipped on its side, and, in essence, rolls along in its orbit. At -350 degrees Fahrenheit, its atmospheric conditions stay the same for many years at a time (its year is 84 Earth years), until it experiences seasonal changes, sparking storms in its atmosphere. Neptune: Neptune is the record holder for the windiest place in the solar system. At about 1,250 miles per hour, the winds of Neptune makes it a stormy place, evidences by a Great Dark Spot that is a giant hurricane-like storm, similar to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. The methane gas in the atmosphere is what makes the planet appear blue. White storms clouds that zip across the planet are common. Neptune’s temperature averages -373 degrees Fahrenheit. Pluto: Pluto holds the place as the farest object in the solar system feom the sun. Pluto’s distance from the sun gives it a large range of temperature on its surface, its stated as the coldest by Earth’s standards. It is so cold on Pluto that a regular theromater can not state its coldness, scientist have to use a Kelvin scale. Using Kelvin scale, Pluto’s temperture is at 44 K which is approximately -239 degrees. Its maximum reaches at 55 K ( -218 F ) and a minimum of 33 K ( -240 F ). Pluto maybe the coldest planent but surprisely, it has a warmer atmosphere than the surface of the dwarf planet. Its warm atmosphere is from the presence of unexceptly large amounts of methane. How to cite Conditions on Each Planet, Papers

Marketing Strategies Managing Across Borders

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Strategies for Managing Across Borders. Answer: Introduction: Culture within the society helps to develop values, norms, languages and protocol that influence behavioural pattern of the people living in the same society. It has been assessed that culture is among the prime factors that can have major impact on the effectiveness of the communicational process. Many studies have highlighted the fact that culture influences the way of thinking of an individual that can have major impact on the communication pattern of the strategies (Mazanec et al. 2015). For that reason, organizations often try to develop effective strategies to utilize cultural diversity for capturing different perspectives to a particular decision. Specifically, globalization has made proper management of cultural diversity is necessary within organizational structure. In this study, the focus will be on different perspectives of cultural diversity in order to provide an in-depth analysis regarding effective cross-cultural communication. The study will also focus on highlightin g the kind of strategies that the management of different organizations will utilize in order to develop appropriate cross-cultural communication. It will also provide an idea regarding the effective management of cross-cultural communication can have on the effectiveness of the operational process of organization. Furthermore, the study will provide an idea regarding the impact of effective cross-cultural communication process on the market entry and exist of the international businesses. Impact of globalization on cross-cultural communication: Globalization has influenced organizations to focus on the world market for achieving sustainable growth in the market. Therefore, it has become necessary for the management of the organizations to develop necessary strategies to deal with the challenges of the international businesses. Now, strategies of the organization will not only have to focus on employee interaction process but will also have to consider the interaction process of the organization with the potential customers. Cross-cultural communication refers to co-orientation or the ability to deal with different culture in an appropriate manner. For that reason, all most all the prime organizations try to conduct in-depth market survey to analyze the needs of the market in an appropriate manner. Proper evaluation of the foreign market needs provide organizations opportunity to develop effective marketing strategies in order to get close to the potential customers. As the impact of globalization, organizations has develope d relationship management division in order to ensure that all the implemented strategies can able to create desired impact on the market (Bakir et al. 2015). It has been assessed that cultural differences often influences employees to reduce the participation rate and also reduces intention of the employees to involve with the operational process of the organization. As a result, it creates direct adverse impact on the on the business processes of the organization. Furthermore, introduction of globalization in the business structure has also created challenges for the organizations regarding rules and regulations. However, same rules and regulations can actually create different impact in different culture due to differences in values and perspective. Therefore, management often try to implement different strategies to fulfil provide proper understanding to the employees. Furthermore, Globalization has affected the implementation of the advertisement procedures for the organization. As per the article by Rallapalli and Montgomery (2015), cultural differences play a crucial role in the advertising campaign of the organizations. It has been assessed that organization utilizes different types of strategies for fulfilling all the requirements of the advertising campaign. For instance, culture of developed countries such as UK and USA are far straight forward compared to any culture in the developed economy. As a result, marketing campaign in the de veloped countries is more direct compared to the developed countries. It has been assessed that differences culture also changes the way of expressing themselves in a particular situation. Therefore, it is necessary for the organizations to develop a management team that has the skill to understand cultural differences in an appropriate manner. Hofstede cultural dimension has highlighted different factors that organizations need to consider in order to develop effective communication structure within the work environment. Power distance index of the Hofstede model focuses on to evaluate whether the power is equally distributed within the economy or not. Higher power development index highlighted the fact that culture of that particular economy is well structured. Therefore, higher power development index represent developed countries like USA and UK. On the other hand, individualism and collectivism of Hofstede models reflects the degree to which people of a particular community are integrated into groups. Therefore, higher group integration reflects t hat the society is more biased towards collectivism. Thus, it is necessary for the organization to evaluate these factors so that the implemented communication strategies can able to have major impact on the organizational successes. Uncertainty avoidance index reflects the degree to which a society tolerates ambiguity. It is necessary for the organization to implement business strategies in such a way so that the ambiguity remains under tolerance level. For instance, an economy represents higher uncertainty index will induce organizations to remain extremely careful about the implemented business strategies. Otherwise, it might create major adverse impact on the business level of the organization. On the other hand, Hofstede also highlighted the fact that long-term orientation can also have major impact on the communicational process of the organization. Long-term orientation plays a major role in developing knowledge and believes of the people living in the same economy. Therefore , it is necessary for the management of the organizations to remain knowledgeable about the different economies where organizations are doing businesses. It would not only help organizations to maintain effective communication structure within the organization but also will provide assistance in handling interpersonal conflicts in an appropriate way. Furthermore, globalization has also induces management of the organizations remains extremely conscious about the time-horizon in different economies. It is necessary that all the important organizational information be provided to different parts of the world in an appropriate way. Thus, it can be mentioned that globalization increases the challenges for the management of the organizations to fulfil all the responsibilities in an effective way. It also highlighted the fact that effective utilization of cross-cultural dimension can help organization to handle international businesses challenges in an appropriate way. References: Bakir, A., Blodgett, J.G., Vitell, S.J. and Rose, G.M., 2015. A preliminary investigation of the reliability and validity of Hofstedes cross cultural dimensions. In Proceedings of the 2000 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference (pp. 226-232). Springer International Publishing. Mazanec, J.A., Crotts, J.C., Gursoy, D. and Lu, L., 2015. Homogeneity versus heterogeneity of cultural values: An item-response theoretical approach applying Hofstede's cultural dimensions in a single nation. Tourism Management, 48, pp.299-304. Rallapalli, K.C. and Montgomery, C.D., 2015. Marketing Strategies For Asian-Americans: Guidelines Based on Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions. In Minority Marketing: Research Perspectives for the 1990s (pp. 73-77). Springer International Publishing.

Frances the Mute free essay sample

With song titles like â€Å"L’Via L’Viaquez† and â€Å"Cygnus Vismund Cygnus,† The Mars Volta has put out their second full-length album, â€Å"Frances the Mute.† Both albums have been preceded by a tragedy that influenced their works. â€Å"Frances the Mute† details the life of a person housed within a diary which was kept by one of the band’s closest friends and backstage members. The friend, while doing work as a repo man, found the diary and identified with the person in it, who was detailing his struggles to find his relatives. After the friend shared this diary with Mars Volta, he passed away. His death and close relation with the person in the diary sparked â€Å"Frances the Mute,† a musical masterpiece. Following the precedent set by â€Å"De-Loused in the Comatorium,† they stuck with their strange, complex background music and focused vocals. The type of music here is indescribable and cannot be placed just in one genre. We will write a custom essay sample on Frances the Mute or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Frances the Mute† has such smooth transitions that it will feel like one 75-minute song instead of five songs adding up to 75 minutes. â€Å"Cygnus Vismund Cygnus† sets the theme: long stretches of background noises, powerful vocals, rapid pace changes and great variety. This song transitions to â€Å"The Widow† which is a powerful ballad that is also their single. The last song is the 32-minute â€Å"Cassandra Geminni.† This is a heavily digital, yet magnificently composed piece that rounds off with a piece of the very first song, bringing it full circle. All of these come together in one of the best albums of the year, hands down. The Mars Volta truly is one of the best.

NeanderthalHomo Sapiens Hybrid essays

NeanderthalHomo Sapiens Hybrid essays Implications of Neanderthal-Homo Sapiens Hybrid from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) In a recent excavation at Abrigo do Lagar Velho in Portugal, Duarte et al (1999) unearthed what was later to be recognized as early human skeletal remains which pointed to interbreeding between Neanderthal and Modern Humans during the mid - upper Palaeolithic transition. The morphology of the remains, belonging to a child of approximately 3-4 years old, indicates a Neanderthal typology in post-cranial features, and more modern cranial features. The find has been cited as evidence of hybridization between the two traditionally separate human lines, and offers an explanation to the question of Neanderthal extinction. (Trinkaus 1999) Anthropologists are now offered a line of evidence pointing to the contemopranity of Moderns and Neanderthals in parts of Europe and assumptions can be made about their contact: "The discoverers...are making a ground-breaking claim, that the skeleton shows traces of both Neanderthal and modern human ancestry, evidence that modern humans did not simply extinguish the Neanderthals, as many researchers had come to think. Instead the two kinds of human were so alike that in Portugal, at least, they intermingled...for thousands of years." (Kunzig, 1999) By examining the theories of human evolution, and looking at the cultural evolution of tool technology as well as the biological transitions and differences between the two types of humans, we can see that this hybridization just might be the answer. Perhaps this find will be able to tell us what exactly did happen to the Neanderthals. Firstly, it is useful to have an overview of the different theories of human evolution, or I should say the two most widely accepted views as accepted by palaeo-anthropologists in the field. For some years now it has been the contention that the origins of modern humans stem from either a continuous evolution from archaic to modern human...

Public Opinion Survey Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public Opinion Survey Paper - Essay Example The research methods used in in this study to obtain public opinions would be the telephone survey method and the mail survey method. Telephone survey methods according to StatPac, Inc (p.1), are the quickest method of obatining information from a large sample of respondents that number approximately from 100 to 400. In this type of survey, the interviewer is guided by a prepaired questionnaire. Although the mail survey has almost the same featyres as the telephone survey, the differences are that the mail survey method does not permit any deeper probe on the expressed opinion and it usually takes the mail survey to be accomplished in 8 to 12 weeks. Twice longer than the telephone survey. The procedures used in the study is the telephone and mail survey methods. The questionnaire is composed of ten questions, which are in a simple and direct english language so as not to confuse the individual answering the questions. The most imporatant questions are placed at the first half of the questionnaire wherein sufficient space is also provided after each question, allowing other comments/opinions to be expressed. For the mail survey, the return addressed is printed on the questionnaire and a self-addressed postage paid stamp is sent along with the mail survey forms (StatPac, Inc., 1-2). Before Hurricane Ike made its actual land fall, 50% of the viewing public was closely watching its progress (The Pew Research Center, 1), and has already triggered gas prices to soar (cbs11tv.com, pp1-3). Concerned government offices and personnel dissiminated safety warnings and encouraged local residents to evacuate and leave their homes due to pending disasters. A week after Hurricane Ike’s landfall, residents were persistent in finding out all they could about their homes including going back to see how things are. Authorities on the other hand on

Scale-Free Brain-Wave Music from Simultaneously EEG and fMRI Research Paper - 1

Scale-Free Brain-Wave Music from Simultaneously EEG and fMRI Recordings - Research Paper Example The scientists conducted the study for the propose of improving the few methods that had been developed to translate human EEG to music by developing a new method of translating both brain EEG and FMRI signals to music for a better reflection of the internal functioning activities of the brain (Lu, Wu, Yang, Luo, Li & Yao, 2012). In this method, there was recording of the simultaneous EEG-FMRI. The subjects were a thirty year old female (subject A) and a fourteen year old female (subject B). The scanning took place when the two subjects were in a resting state (Lu, Wu, Yang, Luo, Li & Yao 2012). In the part of composing music, there was referencing of the EEG records to zero with software known as REST developed in the laboratory. They choose the EEG for the purpose of brainwave music, which is at the central region of the brain and is a channel that the body movement does not affect (Lu, et al. 2012). This is the second method of the study. Music note consists of four characters, timber, duration, pitch and intensity. There was more attention to pitch and intensity (Lu, et al. 2012). In this part, wood was fixed together with piano, and the results were that it changed according to the persons hobbies at the same time as the EEG wave determined the duration. The recording of the EEG-FMRI brain music involved the following; The intensity of a music note (IM) is relative to the logarithm of the AP which changes according to the Fechner’s law MI=klgAP+1. In this equation, K and 1 are constant. MI is partly related with pitch since both of them are defined by something related to the amplitude of EEG (Lu, et al. 2012). Intensity of the music was represented by adoption of the FMRI signal instead of the AP. The figure below shows the mapping rules used between the attributes of a music note and brain physiological signals. The FMRI reflects signal to the BOLD signal. On the other hand, the EEG

Albania's Pyramid Schemes Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Albania's Pyramid Schemes - Case Study Example The private sector contributed about two third of the GDP, and the rising remittances from the Albanians working Greece and Italy increase the disposable incomes. The improved economic environment increased consumer imports, and investments in the emerging pyramid schemes. Lack of proper financial institution and securities markets encouraged the Albanians to look for alternative investment opportunities such as the pyramid schemes. This paper examines the effects of the pyramid scheme on the local economy. 2. Background As suggested by Dirk pyramid schemes operate on a simple principle whereby, money paid by the later investors is used pay artificially high returns to earlier investors (78). At first, early investors are promised high returns to woo potential investors. As the word spreads, many people are pulled into the scheme to benefit from the huge capital gains. As Jarvis observes during the early phases, the whole process seems to work, but with time the interest and principa l owed to the old investors exceed the money that the scheme has (5). As a result, investors are forced to cut short the payments and investors start panicking. Some of the players that were involved in the pyramid scheme include VEFA which was formed in 1992 by Vehbi Alimuca, and took in at least $700 million in deposits. The institution started as a trading company and is accused of promising customers unsupportable rates. The second major player is Xhafferi which was formed by Rrapush Xhafferi and at the time of its collapse it had taken $250 in deposits. Another key player in the pyramid scheme was Gjallica which was formed in 1991 and took in an estimated $850 million in deposits. Sude on the other hand, offered lottery services but thereafter started taking deposits from the customers. At the time of its collapse, the company had $90 million in liabilities and no assets. Just like Sude, Populli offered to pay its customers two times principal invested after 3 months. The compa ny worked closely with the Albanian opposition parties, and at the time of its collapse its liabilities were over $150 million. 3. Events leading to the crisis As Chris Jarvis, an IMF economist observes in the article titled, the rise and the fall of pyramid schemes Albania, the origin of the pyramid schemes can be traced to the decline of the smuggling market. According to Jarvis the smuggling of oil products through Albania ended with the suspension of the UN sanctions against Yugoslavia (10). As a result, the pyramid period schemes were forced to look for alternatives sources of income. One of the viable ways at the time was to increase the interests so as to attract capital from potential investors. Within a short time the deposit-taking market grew tremendously, and by the mid-1996, the deposit-taking companies were offering interest rates as high as 19%. In the first few months, the companies had attracted two million depositors, and the number continued to grow in the second half of 1996. The players in the informal sector competed by offering attractive rates and just to illustrate, in the September 1996 Populli offered a monthly interest are of 30% which Xhafferi countered with a 44% rate while Sude offered to double the principal in two months. To capitalize on these opportunities some of the investors sold their property while other sold their animals, and then put the proceeds in the pyramid schemes. Worried about the integrity of the schemes, the Governor of Bank of Albania issued the first warning, and then followed by the Minister of Finance. The government formed a committee to investigate the schemes but

Funny Boy And Running In The Family | Analysis

Funny Boy And Running In The Family | Analysis Searching for identity is big theme in Postcolonial studies. Identity or the sense of belonging plays a major role in everyones lives. Identity tells us who we really are and where we have come from. Identity can be either positive or negative. It gives us the sense of pride in being who we are. If we do not identify ourselves with our surroundings or the people we come in contact with, we are lost. We feel as if we do not belong there and hence we feel as if we have lost our identity. Actually, the search for identity is an ongoing g process and there is no ending for it. Many would do anything to find their identity and to search for the place where they belong. In both Funny Boy and Running in the Family, the search for identity is the main theme. These novels bring forth the challenges that the main characters face in the search for identity. The setting of these two novels is in Sri Lanka. However, Funny Boys Arjie faced negative challenges thrown at him whereas Running in the Familys narrators (Ondaatje) journey of self-discovery is more towards the positive side. In this paper, I will the journey of self identification by the protagonists of the both novels that I mentioned above. In Funny Boy, we are exposed to the history of Sri Lanka, Arjies homeland. A country like Sri Lanka that has just gained independence from the colonizers strives to build and recapture its own identity which was stolen by the colonizing powers. However, to form a unitary identity is not easy because Sri Lanka is made up of different ethnicities and religious beliefs. The history of racial conflict between the Tamils and the Sinhalese in Sri Lanka plays an important role in Arjies life. The rivalry between Sinhalese (Buddhist) and Tamil (Hindu) inhabitants of Sri Lanka is caused by the differences in religion and custom. Salgado argues that the connection between language and ethnicity which substantiate the discrete ethnic markers of Sinhalese and Tamil, was very much the product of British orientalism, and was embraced by the Sinhalese who stood to gain from it (12-13). The Tamil minority from India migrated to Sri Lanka between the 3rd century BC and 13th century AD whereas the Indo-Aryan in who migrated in the 5th century BC created the Sinhalese population in Sri Lanka. Since, the Sinhalese are more in population compared to the Tamils; they hold much of the political power. For so long, Sri Lanka has been under the Western powers like Portuguese and British before it gained independence in 1948, with both Sinhalese and Tamils uniting their forces. Somehow, this unity did not last long because the Sinhalese immediately assumed power and began to marginalize the Tamils. They began to treat the Tamils so badly till the Tamils had to struggle to make their voice heard. The conflict reached its peak in 1956 when the Prime Minister Solomon Bandaranaike declared Sinhala as the national language and when Buddhism was declared as the official religion; the Tamils grew angry. Arjies father says in Funny Boy, when asked about the riots, Sinhalese wanted to make Sinhala the only national language, and the Tamils did not like this. So there was a riot and many Tamils were killed (61). The Tamils after much pain and suffering from denial of rights begin to fight to establish their own nation and this is evident in Funny Boy. There was a group in Jaffna called the Tamil Tigers. They wanted a separate country and the Sinhalese were very angry about this. Ammachi often talked about the Tigers. She was on their side and declared that if they did get a separate state, which they would call Eelam, she would be the first to go and live in it. Father told her she was mad. This made Ammachi even more angry and they had many disputes about the Tigers. (61) These political and racist power struggles heavily influence many chapters in this novel and especially when it reaches the climax in the last chapter, Riot Journal: An Epilogue. In Pigs Cant Fly, Arjie clashes with his cousin sister Tanuja and disagrees with the common social norm which forbids him from playing feminine games with girls. In Radha Aunty, Radhas and Anils love situation is almost similar to Romeo and Juliet love story. Radha is Tamil and Anil is a Sinhalese and they are forbidden to get married because they belong to different religion. In See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Daryl and Nalini endeavor to expose the corruption of the government, a fruitless effort in a corrupt and laden society. In Small Choices, Arjies father and Jegan had to battle against the racial stereotyping and violence, while in The Best School of All, Arjie and Shehan both defy the authority of the principal named Black Tie. At last, in the Epilogue the conflict between the Sinhalese and Tamils got wor st which is the beginning of the civil war. Furthermore, binary oppositions the self and the other exists in every chapter of this novel in a form of stereotyping every person in their own category. Ania Loomba says that, stereotyping involves a reduction of images and ideas to a simple manageable form; rather than simple ignorance or lack of real knowledge, it is a method of processing information. The function of stereotypes is to perpetuate an artificial sense of difference between self and other (55). In Funny Boy, Arjies grandmother Ammachi cannot accept Anil because she cannot see him beyond the stereotype. She cannot see Anil for more than just a Sinhalese. What did I tell you? She was getting a lit from a Sinhalese. Only a Sinhalese would be impertinent enough to offer an unmarried girl a lift (58). Society expects its people to choose sides and in return they will be protected accordingly. Conformity makes someone feel safe and it ensures ones survival. In a power struggle, when one party has the upper hand claim on the country and affirm other minorities will be marginalized. In the Empire Writes Back, Bill Ashcoft et al claims that in post-colonial societies, the participants are frozen into a hierarchical relationship in which the oppressed is locked into a position by the assumed moral superiority which is reinforced when necessary by the of physical force (172). In Small Choices Arjies father explained the things Tamils might get in trouble with in which the Sinhalese will face no problem. When my father had finished relating the incident, Amma said, You should have taken Jegans side. After all, he is more important than the peon. As Tamils we must tread carefully, my father replied. Jegan has to learn that. Even I have to circumspect when Im talking to the staff. If I was Sinhalese, like Sena, I could say and do whatever I liked. Amma sighed. Its so ridiculous, she said. What to do? One has to be realistic. (190). When the minorities do not have equal rights as the majority, this will lead to dislocation and alienation in their own country. This will result in vengeance and vendetta: You know, Sonali said, Sometimes I wish I was a Sinhalese or a foreigner. I dont, Diggy said. He glared at us again. Im proud to be Tamil. If those damn buggers come here, Illà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (196) Diggys reaction is understandable and its called retaliation. His reaction is much similar to the reaction of the Tamil Tigers. Tamil Tigers are consists mostly of young people who are unable to put up with Sinhalese demands and discriminations. Society draws a line between us and them so that people must confirm to either side, no matter how ridiculous it may seem. This applies to gender stereotyping as well. When asked why Arjie cannot play with his cousin sisters, his mother replies, It doesnt matterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Life is full of stupid things and sometimes we just have to do them (20). So what will become for those who refuse not to belong to just one category? What if they exist in a third space; in between? In Arjies case, he belongs to the Tamil minority as well as in gay community. Homosexuality is not tolerated in Sri Lanka and therefore Arjie is marginalized twice than an average Sri Lankan. Hence, it will be harder for Arjie to feel accepted and to have a sense of belonging. However, there many instance in Funny Boy where the characters try to defy the norm of life and social rules to live their life their own lives. This is evident in Arjies monologue below. How was it that some people got to decide what was correct or not, just or unjust? It had to do with who was in charge; everything had to do with who held power and who didnt. if you were powerful like Black Tie or my father you got to decide what was right or wrong. If you were like Shehan or me you had no choice but to follow what they said. But did we always have to obey? Was it not possible for people like Shehan and me to be powerful too? (274) Most of the time, the characters who decide not to follow the social rules or everyday norms are secluded and alienated by their family and country and people. For an example, Aunt Doris, the director of the stage play Arjie was involved in chose to go against her Burgher familys wishes and married a Tamil man. This of course ended her relationship with her family. Even Arjie, after thwarting his principal and realize who he is and who he wanted to be with, thought to himself, As I gazed at Amma, I felt a sudden sadness. What had happened between Shehan and me over the last few days had changed my relationship with her forever. I was no longer a part of my family in the same way. I now inhabited a world they didnt understand and into which they couldnt follow me. (285) Here Arjie is talking about his sexual awakening but his feelings also apply to those who made choices that alienate them from the people and places they belong to. However, to Homi Bhabha the third space gives people like Arjie a chance to create a new identity. This third space allows them to transcend their position and go against those suppress and oppress them. It gives them power and freedom to transcend boundaries society rules. They get the best of both worlds. It gives them self empowerment to move on in life and its a place where the can voice out their opinions. Most of all the third space gives them sense of belonging and identity. The third space is a mode of articulation, a way of describing a productive and not merely reflective, space that engenders new possibility. It is an interruptive, interrogative,and enunciative space of new forms of cultural meaning and productive blurring the limitation of existing boundaries and calling into question established categorizations of culture and identity (Bhabha, 1994) Before Arjie is even aware of his tendencies, his family would have makes sure that any un-stereotypical gender fondness would have been eradicated by his family. His father who was afraid that Arjie might turn out funny forbids him to play bride-bride with his cousin sisters. Well, on the other hand when Arjie plays with boys he was called a girlie boy. This separates him from the possibility of being a girl or a boy. Gender stereotypes are enforced by families and society to demarcate the separate worlds of boys and girls. This leaves Arjie caught between the boys and the girls worlds, not belonging or wanted either (39). His exclusion from both parties suggests us that he inhabits some third space between these two. This third space is addressed as funny and it has a shameful connotation. According to Gopinath, challenging gendered spaces in this novel which is portrayed by the main character. This is because he allows the inner space to be something more than a site of gender agr eement. He allows gender and fantasy play. And by doing this he reveal[s] how non heteronormative embodiments, desires, and pleasures surface within even the most heteronormative of spaces (170-171). Throughout the whole book, we follow Arjies journey growing up and attempting to search for his identity. Arjies search for identity is similar to Sri Lankas own research for identity amidst the warring ethnics. If the focus is just among the Tamils and Sinhalese, what about the homosexuals, Burghers and Muslims? Arent they part of Sri Lanka as well? Even though all of them are different in many ways, they yearn for a place to call home where they can be safe and live without persecution. Funny Boy also puts the story of the everyday people of Sri Lanka in the spotlight. It doesnt focus on one party but it focuses more on the struggle these people went through to live in a Sri Lanka they all own. It is not about finding a balance between your identities, or trying to define within a particular one, Selvadurai explained. Rather, he said it is about being open-minded and being accepting of how others define you (www.thecannon.ca//shyam_selvadurai_funny_boy_on_campus). In Running in the Family, Michael Ondaatje narrates the quest to search about his father by re-conceptualizing the past and patching up the fragments of his family history. Ondaatje searches for his identity by retracing back his familys past, especially his father in Sri Lanka. During certain hours, at a certain years in our lives, we see ourselves as remnants from the earlier generations that were destroyed. So our job becomes peace with enemy camps, eliminate the chaos at the end of Jacobean tragedies, and with the mercy of distance write histories(179). The framework that Ondaatje uses is a fictionalized memoir. This allows Ondaatje to create his own form of reality and his own truths. This enables him to challenge boundaries between fiction and reality. Besides that, Ondaatje explores the autobiographical self and in his case, the quest for Mervin Ondaatje is an important detour in his search for his own identity. He uses the technique of searching about the other (his father) so that he can find his own identity. As Marlene Kadar points out, writing about life is the site of the other, and this other is autobiographical in one sense, and not at all in another (153).When Ondaatje is searching deeply about his familys and fathers roots he begins to shape his own roots. At the end of the book it is revealed that Ondaatje is the mirror image of his father. One could certainly claim that the end of the narrative is just the beginning of the discovery of the other (i.e. the father) through the self (i.e. the narrator) (Speaking Ones Truth: Reading, 3). In Running in the Family, Ondaatje uses the infusion of family tragedies, their life dramas, warmth and love to connect the dots and construct his identity. He includes both the public and private when he researches about his family past. By doing so, he is able to see the connections between his family and his colonial inheritance. As Patricia Hampl remarks, the truth memoir has to offer is not neatly opposite from fictions truth. Its methods and habits are different, and it is perhaps a more perverse genre than novel: It seems to be about an individual self, but it is revealed as a minion of memory which belongs not only to the personal world but to public realm (205). Sri Lanka is a country consisting of a complex social network because it is a multinational country which has many national and cultural identities. Ondaatje acknowledges Sri Lankas identity as hybrid and creolized nature. This almost similar to Ondaatjes family background: Every one was vaguely related and had a Sinhalese, Tamil, Dutch, British and Burgher blood in them going in back many generations. There was a large social gap between this circle and the Europeans and English who were never part of Ceylonese community. The English were seen as transients, snobs, and racists and were quite separate from those who had intermarried and who lived permanently. My father always claimed to be a Ceylon Tamil, though that was probably more valid about three centuries earlier (41). However, there is a tension between Ondaatjes endeavour to reunite him with his family and to keep a distance from his family so that he is able to break through his familys history from different points of view. It is as if when Ondaatje runs in with his family, he is also running away from his family. The running aids the author in a more complex search for his identity because it allows him to discover his identity in different forms. Here, Ondaatje is creating history while collecting data, fragments of both Sri Lankas and familys histories. As to fill in the gaps in his identity, he uses myth to provide explanations and to be as closer to the truth of that time and closer to the truth of his family. By researching his country of birth, he sees it as the other that he is constantly searching for. He is both the insider and the outsider who speaks for both the marginal and the central: I am the foreigner. I am the prodigal who hates the foreigner (65). Here Ondaatje represents the immigrants, immigration and culture. The framework of fictionalized memoir allows both writers to speak their souls truth (cf.Hampl, 203). The search of identity is a process where there is a need to rely on the national identity and family identities. Its like you cannot runaway from where you belong because they somehow make you who you are. Arjie and his family had to leave Sri Lanka because Sri Lanka was no longer safe to be their home and it was no longer where they belong whereas, Ondaatje has to come back to Sri Lanka because that is where he can find his identity through his familys history. Even though, Arjie and his family had to run to Canada to survive, they are still Sri Lankans and are part of that country. Arjies father sent Arjie to a different school so that Arjie wont turn out funny, Arjie found Shehan who strengthen his sexuality. When it comes to Ondaatje, even though he is settled in Toronto, Canada, he has to go back to his birth place to find his identity. He even has dreams of going back to Sri Lanka. At last, one had to admit that the main part of their identity depends on where you are born and where you came from whether you are accepting it or not. This is evident in Shyam Selvadurais Funny Boy and Michael Ondaatjes Running in the Family. Work Cited Ashcroft, B., Griffiths, G. and Tiffin, H. The Empire Writes Back. New York: Routeledge, 1994. Bhabha, H.K.(1994). The Location of Culture. London.Routledge Gopinath, Gayatri. Impossible Desires: Queer Diasporas and South Asian Public Cultures.Durham: Duke UP, 2005. Hampl, Patricia. I Could Tell You Stories: Sojourns in the Land of Memory. New York; London: Norton, 1999. Kadar, Marlene. Whose Life Is It Anyway? Out of the Bathtub and into the Narrative. Essays on Life Writing: From Genre to Critical Practice. Ed. Marlene Kadar. Toronto: U of T Press, 1992. 152-161. Loomba, Ania. Colonialism/Postcolonialism. 2nd Edition. New York: Routeledge, 2005. Ondaatje, Michael. Running in the Family. 1982. NCL ed. Toronto: McClelland Stewart, 1993. Salgado, Minoli. Writing Sri Lanka, Reading Resistance: Shyam Selvadurais Funny Boy and A. Sivanandans When Memory Dies. The Journal of Commonwealth Literature 39:1 (2004): 5-18. Selvadurai, Shyam. Funny Boy. United States: Harcourt Brace, 1997 www.academon.com/Essay-Identity-in-PostTexts/54654 Cached Similar www.hichumanities.org/AHproceedings/Miriam%20Rothgerber.pdf Similar www.thecannon.ca//shyam_selvadurai_funny_boy_on_campus

Four Noble Truths :: essays research papers

I. Life is filled with suffering due to our desires to want things to be different. II. Self-centered craving causes the of suffering of imbalance. III. In order to bring an end to suffering one must bring an end to self-centered craving. IV. The way to cease craving is to follow the Eight Fold Path. 1. Right View See things as they truly are without delusions or distortions for all things change. Develop wisdom by knowing how things work, knowing oneself and others. 2. Right Intention Wholehearted resolution and dedication to overcoming the dislocation of self-centered craving through the development of loving kindness, empathy and compassion. 3. Right Speech Abstinence from lies and deceptions, backbiting, idle babble and abusive speech. Cultivate honesty and truthfulness; practice speech that is kind and benevolent. Let your words reflect your desire to help, not harm others. 4.Right Action Practice self-less conduct that reflects the highest statement of the life you want to live. Express conduct that is peaceful, honest and pure showing compassion for all beings. 5. Right Livelihood Avoidance of work that causes suffering to others or that makes a decent, virtuous life impossible. Do not engage in any occupation that opposes or distracts one from the path. Love and serve our world through your work. 6. Right Effort Seek to make the balance between the exertion of following the spiritual path and a moderate life that is not over-zealous. Work to develop more wholesome mind states, while gently striving to go deeper and live more fully. 7. Right Mindfulness Through constant vigilance in thought, speech and action seek to rid the mind of self-centered thoughts that separate and replace them with those that bind all beings together.

Internet and Its Impact on Developing Countries

The Internet and its impact on developing countries: examples from China and India T. Kanti Srikantaiah Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois, USA and The Internet and its impact on China and India 199 Received February 1998 Revised March 1998 Dong Xiaoying Peking University, Beijing, China Introduction In the new information climate many countries are relying on electronic access to information through the Internet, which is revolutionising information management and information technology. Developed countries have improved their communication systems and are able to share information in a user-friendly environment.They have used the Internet in various sectors: †¢ agriculture; †¢ health; †¢ public sector management; †¢ industry; †¢ environment; †¢ telecommunications; †¢ trade; †¢ etc. The Internet is now penetrating developing countries. This paper discusses the role of the Internet in such countries, with specific reference to China a nd India. The Internet The idea of the Internet originated about 25 years ago at the US Defense Department Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), to keep track of data through computer hardware and software. The Internet is now a complex web of networks connected with high-speed links cutting across countries.There are no set boundaries for the Internet in cyberspace. Recent statistics show 50,000 networks in more than 100 countries with more than 50 million users (MIDS press release). It is estimated that the rate of growth in Internet use is around 20 per cent a month. Currently the Internet is not proprietary and is available to anyone with computer access connected to the external world. Since the USA launched the information superhighway in 1994, the Internet has come to play an ever-increasing role in the vast information market in many countries (Table I). Asian Libraries, Vol. 7 No. 9, 1998, pp. 199-209.  © MCB University Press, 1017-6748Asian Libraries 7,9 Country G-7 countries Canada France Germany Italy Japan Great Britain USA Africa South Africa Cyprus Tunisia Jamaica Senegal Egypt Mozambique Burkina Faso Cameroon Ghana Kenya Morocco New Caledonia Niger Swaziland Host Initial connection Country Turkey Indonesia Philippines India China Kuwait Malaysia United Arab Republic Kazakhstan Macau Fiji Uzbekistan Vietnam Lebanon Lithuania Latin America Brazil Mexico Chile Ecuador Peru Argentina Bermuda Venezuela Puerto Rico Costa Rica Guam Virgin Islands Nicaragua Panama Dominican Republic Host 22,963 10,861 4,309 4,794 25,594 3,555 6 994 1,136 1 0 153 3 1,128 2,761Initial connection 12/91 07/93 04/94 11/90 04/94 12/92 11/92 11/93 11/93 04/94 06/93 12/94 04/95 06/94 04/94 200 690,316 292,096 875,631 211,966 955,688 878,215 825,048 07/88 07/88 09/89 08/89 08/89 04/89 07/88 419 1,973 15 349 275 1,894 44 2 75 275 457 888 59 34 240 12/91 12/92 05/91 05/94 10/94 11/93 03/95 10/94 12/92 10/94 11/93 10/94 10/94 10/94 05/94 Asia and Middle East Taiwan 40,706 12 /91 Table I. South Korea 132,370 04/90 Distribution of hosts Israel 61,140 08/89 connected to the Internet Singapore 60,674 05/91 (1997): G-7 countries, Thailand 12,794 07/92 Africa, Asia, Middle East and Latin America Source of host number: http://www. w. com/zone/www/dist-byname. html, 1997 68,685 126 19,168 1,078 6,510 18,985 1,648 4,679 114 4,259 91 7 743 390 25 06/90 02/89 04/90 07/92 11/93 10/90 05/90 02/94 10/89 01/93 10/93 03/93 02/94 06/94 04/95 Malaysia’s Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohammed, once said: It can be no accident that there is today no wealthy developed country that is information poor, and no information rich country that is poor and underdeveloped (Nagy, 1991, p. 57). This statement emphasises the importance of the Internet for developing countries.From an international perspective access to and use of the Internet is unbalanced; there are obvious gaps between developed and developing countries in terms of the numbers of nets, hosts and users. As a study from the Panos Institute indicated: The Internet and its impact on Table I provides data on hosts and connection dates for selected countries in China and India Africa, Latin America, Asia and Pacific, along with G-7 countries for comparison.Of the hosts 56 per cent were in the USA, 26 per cent in Europe, 16 per cent in Canada and Latin America, 12 per cent in Asia and the Middle East, and the remaining 1 per cent were in African countries. The G-7 countries took about 80 per cent of total nets connected with the Internet, and the number of nets in 55 developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America amounted to only 5 per cent. According to another study, based on data from World Bank economic and social indicators, the correlation of Internet nodes with GNP per capita is 0. 88 per cent.Adjusted for population size, the country with the highest density of nodes for population was Switzerland. The USA ranked sixth, and India was one of the lowest. So the revolution in electroni c publishing and accessing is not really global (Jacobson, 1994). The timing of connection to the Internet is significant. For instance, while most developed countries obtained their connections to the Internet between 1988 and 1990, developing countries began around 1994-95. Even now many developing countries do not have Internet facilities. An approximate date of Internet connectivity for selected countries is also given in Table I.The World Bank has published data on various economic and social indicators for 133 countries. Table II shows data on population, literacy and GNP for selected developing countries and the G-7 countries. Tables I and II show a definite correlation among GNP per capita, population, illiteracy and number of networks connected with the Internet. The data show that the higher the GNP per capita and the lower the illiteracy rate, the greater the number of links to the Internet, whereas indicators such as higher population, higher illiteracy and lower GNP per capita accompany fewer connections to the Internet.For most developing countries Internet connections brought the golden opportunity of â€Å"leapfrog† development through participating and competing in global trade, sharing information globally in education, research and manufacturing/productivity sectors, and alleviating poverty, contributing to improved social and economic indicators. Information environment in China and India China and India are the two most populous countries in the world. With more than 2 billion people in these two countries, the market for the Internet is vast.In addition, both China and India are information-rich countries with a long tradition of learning, publishing and media activities. Both countries have recently experienced phenomenal growth in economic terms. According to a World Bank report, the annual average growth of GNP during the period 1985-94 in China and in India was around 7 per cent and 3 per cent respectively (World Bank Atlas, 19 96). Compared with other developing countries of the same scale, China and India have shown significant growth in the development here is a danger of a new information elitism which excludes the majority of the world’s population (John, 1995). 201 Asian Libraries 7,9 G-7 countries Canada France Germany Italy Japan United Kingdom USA Africa Cameroon Egypt Kenya South Africa Asia China Indonesia India Malaysia Thailand Latin America Argentina Brazil Mexico Peru GNP per capita in US$, 1994 Real growth rate, 1985-94 (%) Population, 1994 (’000) Growth rate, 1985-94 (%) Illiteracy rate, 1990 (%) 202 19,570 23,470 25,580 19,270 34,630 18. 410 25,860 680 710 260 3,010 530 880 310 3,520 2,210 8,060 3,370 4,010 1,890 0. 4 1. 7 1. 9 1. 3. 2 1. 4 1. 3 –6. 6 1. 6 0. 0 –1. 4 6. 9 6. 0 2. 9 2. 7 8. 2 1. 9 –0. 4 0. 6 –2. 5 29,121 57,726 81,141 57,154 124,782 58,088 260,529 12,871 57,556 26,017 41,591 1,190,918 189,907 913,600 19,498 58,718 34,180 159,143 91 ,858 23,331 1. 3 0. 5 0. 5 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 1. 0 2. 8 2. 0 2. 9 2. 4 1. 4 2. 0 2. 0 2. 5 1. 6 1. 4 1. 8 2. 2 2. 0 * * * 3 * * * 46 52 31 – 27 23 52 22 7 5 19 13 15 Table II. Basic indicators for selected developing countries and G-7 countries Notes: – = not available; *according to UNESCO, illiteracy is less than 5 per cent Source: The World Bank Atlas (1996) Washington DC: World Bank ycle and in the utilisation of information technologies and information management. The steep decrease in the price of personal computers, proliferating software in Asia and the multimedia influx have contributed to growing markets and Internet use in China and India. Sales of PCs in these regions have expanded more than 20 per cent each year (Sherry, 1995, p. 71). A rating scale by the Gartner Group predicts a long-term potential for information technology in the Asian and Pacific region (Gartner Group, 1996).The rating is based on population, education, GDP, economic growth, government su pport to IT, popularity of IT, IT industry (and its competitiveness), the industry type and international perspective. Table III shows details for China and India, as well as selected countries for comparison. The total rating score for China was 75 and for India 58. In China the population of 1. 2 billion lives on 9. 6 million square kilometres. With its long civilisation and tradition of learning, and with its economy CountryEconomic Government Popularity Industry Total Population Education GDP growth support to IT of IT Competitive type International score 9 9 4 3 4 8 7 4 9 8 7 5 9 9 7 6 5 6 3 2 2 5 4 1 5 2 18 10 12 17 16 12 12 12 14 14 8 5 8 5 6 6 8 4 9 8 7 6 0 2 10 9 7 3 6 8 3 4 7 10 0 1 9 9 7 3 5 7 1 3 7 10 6 7 5 4 5 7 7 4 7 7 6 5 8 7 4 2 4 2 7 5 6 4 4 3 53 50 75 58 58 58 62 52 50 55 62 60 The Internet and its impact on China and India 203 USA 8 Japan 8 China 10 India 10 Indonesia 8 South Korea 6 Malaysia 3 The Philippines 6 Singapore 1 Taiwan 4 Thailand 6 Vietnam 6 Source: Ga rtner Group (1996), China Infoworld, Vol. 1, 29 July Table III. Long-term potential of information technology in Asian and Pacific countries growing rapidly since 1980, China has become one of the most powerful information resources and an integral part of the world information community. In 1995 there were 101,381 books, 7,583 kinds of magazines (4,014 are scientific and technical journals) and 2,089 newspapers (205 national and 844 provincial newspapers) published by nearly 600 publishers nationwide (Handbook of Press, 1996). There are 1,080 universities located in 29 provinces, and more than one million students graduate each year.There are 350,000 libraries of different types – public, university and school, research, military and labour union libraries. There are plans to have at least one library in each village and urban area in China by the year 2000. Government has always been the biggest information producer and consumer. A total of 34 information centres belonging to different central government departments, China Statistical Bureau, China Economic Information Centre and National Scientific and Technical Commission (NSTC) distribute and collect information from the central government at provincial, city and county levels.Chinese general information systems are divided into six categories: (1) information centres affiliated with the National Scientific and Technical Commission; (2) information centres belonging to central government ministries; (3) information centres of a provincial nature; (4) information centres of a specialised nature affiliated to regional governments; (5) information centres affiliated with state enterprises, universities and other research institutions; Asian Libraries 7,9 204 (6) information centres of non-governmental, regional, professional and similar bodies (Dong, 1995).Since 1994, the global upsurge of the information highway has influenced Chinese decision-makers. China’s information superhighway, consisti ng of â€Å"eight golden projects†, covers networks among universities, industry and state enterprises. The public need for the Internet and its potential are vast. India, which gained independence in 1947, covers a vast area of over 3. 2 million square kilometres and has a population of more than 900 million. In the area of information India is relatively rich, being the seventh largest publisher in he world. It also supports a flourishing book industry: some 11,000 publishers publish more than 18,000 monographs each year and there are more than 30,000 periodicals, of which 5,000 are in English. There are thousands of book-sellers, more than 196 universities and 8,100 colleges and research institutions. The student population in higher education alone exceeds 5 million. In Delhi alone, there are 360 booksellers, six universities, 80 colleges, approximately 40 research institutions and over 100 government agencies.Government offices and quasi-government offices at central, st ate, district, subdistrict and village levels produce and consume vast amounts of information. At the national level the main sources of information include: †¢ various line ministries; †¢ the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO); †¢ the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO); †¢ the Registrar-General of India (RGI); †¢ the National Information Centre (NIC); †¢ the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE); †¢ INSDOC; †¢ DELNET; †¢ Tata Energy Research Institution; †¢ the Centre for Science and Environment; and †¢ the Federation of India Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI).There are hundreds of governmental bodies at state and local levels. The information output from these offices in the various sectors is considerable. In addition, information is created, acquired and disseminated in all manufacturing and service sectors. These sectors indicate the scope for the Internet in India. Over the years the demand for i nformation has increased in India and China. In India the market for information in English is enormous, as English speakers form a significant proportion of the literate population.They are generally wellestablished in economic and social terms and need information in paper and electronic forms. This is also reflected in the fact that the majority of newspapers and periodicals are published in English. India, one of the largest publishers in the world, exports many books and periodicals to countries in Asia and Africa and also to Western countries. It imports much printed The Internet and material from abroad. its impact on China has made substantial progress in information management.China and India According to a 1996 report, there were 1,038 databases covering both Chinese and English sources, representing an increase of almost 30 per cent since the previous survey in 1992 (Guide to Chinese Databases, 1996): 205 †¢ there were 41 per cent of databases concentrated in science , industry and technology; †¢ economy and business databases accounted for 28. 6 per cent, a considerable increase over the 1992 figure; †¢ social science took 15 per cent; †¢ general, 5. 6 per cent; †¢ law and medicine gained 3. 5 per cent; †¢ news and mass media took about 2. 9 per cent; †¢ databases with abstracts represented 66. per cent, and †¢ full-text and number databases took less than 30 per cent. With the inclusion of Hong Kong, China has become a superpower in information acquisition and dissemination, not only in Asia but also on a global basis. It is anticipated that demand for information in China will continue to grow in significant terms in the next decade. In both India and China access to the Internet will be extremely valuable. Internet connections In China the first TCP/IP link to the Internet was established in 1994, in the Institute of Higher Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science.The following are also connected with the Internet: †¢ Chinese Public Internet (Chinanet), established and run by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, the backbone of Internet connection in Beijing. It is available through local post offices for a subscription. †¢ China Education and Research Network (CERNET), owned by the State Education Commission. In 1996 CERNET connected 100 universities nation-wide. Eventually, it will connect to all universities and will become the basis for the booming educational and research development. National Computing and Networking Facilities of China (NCFC), started in 1989 and was the first high-speed network funded by the State Planning Commission and the World Bank. In 1994 its international route was opened. †¢ Gi Tong Company Network (GBNET), established in 1994, and supported by the Ministry of Electricity, has more than 1,000 users. Over three years China has shown an increase in numbers of computers and Internet users. According to statistics provided by the Information Centre of Asian Libraries 7,9 206 China Internet, the number of Internet users increased dramatically between 1994 and November 1997.The number of hosts connecting with the Internet increased approximately 35 times, from 569 to 19,739. The number of users increased steadily from 1,600 in 1994 to 620,000 in 1997, coming mainly from education, science, business and government (Information Centre of China Internet, 1997). ChinaNet plans to cover 30 provinces, and nation-wide users will exceed one million (Ge, 1996, p. 161). Internet users are generally scientists, social scientists, academics, university students, researchers and technical experts with higher-educational backgrounds and proficient in English.Access is gained, primarily, through universities, scientific and technical institutions and corporations. In India Internet access was initiated in November 1986 through the Education and Research Network (ERNET), with assistance from the Government of India and the Un ited Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Eight institutions were involved: the five Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), the Indian Institute of Science (IISC) in Bangalore, the National Centre for Software Technology (CST) in Bombay and the Department of Electronics (DOE) in Delhi.The objectives included: (1) setting up a nationwide computer network for the academic and research community to promote research and development in India and abroad; (2) strengthening national capabilities in information infrastructure; (3) building specialised human resources through education and training to increase awareness of information resources available through the Internet; and (4) opening an India-USA technology gateway to provide a wide information base with other servers (ERNET, 1995).Three other internal service providers became involved at a later date: (1) SOFTNET by STP; (2) National Information Centre (NICNET); and (3) Gateway Internet Access Services (GIAS) (Ramakrishnan, n. d. ). By September 1996, India had more than 100,000 Internet users, 70,000 through ERNET, 15,000 through SOFTNET; 2,000 through NICNET and 8,000 through GIAS. User numbers are expected to grow to one million in the next three years; by then computer penetration will be around 10 million PCs.The education and research community has maximum penetration with 65 per cent, followed by business users of 25 per cent and other users of 10 per cent in the government and private households. A dramatic growth is expected once private sectors enter the Internet market. The city of Bangalore is expected to dominate the internal market because of its â€Å"electronic city†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ image (Ramakrishnan, n. d. ).Current issues and conclusions The Internet and There are three major areas of concern about the Internet that are significant in its impact on developing countries: China and India (1) national information policy; (2) regulatory framework and information infrastructure; and 207 (3) educa tion and training. National information policy Developing countries have a long tradition of oral culture; therefore, awareness of information sources in written form tends to be minimal.While national information policy in developing countries concentrates on trade, international relations, national security and technology, very little attention has been paid to accessing information electronically through the Internet and to deriving benefits. Developing countries, in order to achieve faster economic growth, should include in their official documents high-priority plans for implementing electronic information delivery systems. Policy statements should be integrated into national planning documents such as five-year plans and should be implemented on schedule.Sufficient funding should be allocated at the planning stage and should be made available quickly for implementation. Regulatory framework and information infrastructure The regulatory framework in developed countries enforces protection of investment, intellectual property and individual privacy in the information market. The legal framework addresses private sector involvement, skilled human resources, standards and implementation. In most developing countries regulatory frameworks concerning information do not exist.Although the rapid growth in information technology is changing methods of doing business at home, at work and in organisations in both developed and developing countries, regulatory frameworks have had very little effect on developing countries. While information technology, including telecommunications, has penetrated every market in the developed world, developing countries still view information technology as a means to support management information systems, finance and accounting facilities, and data processing.Computer penetration per capita in both China and India in the area of small office/home office (SOHO) is still not significant in relation to population numbers. Telecommunic ations still remain a major issue in both China and India. If information infrastructure were to cover the widespread Chinese and Indian populations, and technology were to be made available to access global information through the Internet, then the economic scene would be revitalised. Awareness of the Internet and its importance for policy makers xists only at the executive level, but unfortunately, not at the political level. This needs to be addressed urgently in both countries. Asian Libraries 7,9 208 Education and training Workforces in developing countries, as in developed countries, are changing from labour intensive to knowledge-based work. In developed countries, surveys have shown Internet use is associated with higher education. The same principle applies in developing countries. Thus, attention needs to be paid to improving literacy rates.It is the responsibility of governments, central, state and local, of learning institutions and civic associations to work together t o raise literacy levels in developing countries. The training of information professionals should be given priority. Trained information professionals will be able to utilise the Internet more efficiently and will be more effective in acquiring, organising and disseminating information. Often, developing countries are concerned about safeguarding their heritage of language and culture and supporting political systems.They are weary of foreign economic formats. Appropriate training for information professionals is an immediate requirement. Trained professionals can then educate the masses and take advantage of the Internet, sharing the dissemination of knowledge through cyberspace and adding value to the global information sector. The information revolution is real, and an information economy has already emerged, accelerating economic and social change. Information is crucial and is the central resource and basis for competition.The Internet will assist in development in the followin g ways: †¢ assessing the information capacity of the country and determining user needs, organising and synthesising information and providing access to internal and external information; †¢ disseminating information to meet the needs of the public and private sectors and the daily information needs of the general public. The two items are almost inseparable and have a symbiotic relationship. In developing countries it is urgent to train information professionals to support information infrastructure and information management.In the contemporary world, information is vital to all sectors. Thus, the role of governments in utilising the Internet is critical. First, it influences appropriate use of the Internet for social and economic change in the transition from labour-intensive production to knowledge-based information industries. Second, it defines public and private sector relationships and opens the market to a strong private information sector. Third, it redefines tel ecommunication policies to break down monopolies and to encourage competition among international and indigenous vendors.In conclusion, there is no single solution that can be applied, uniformly, to all situations in developing countries. Each case needs to be evaluated and customised to meet individual country needs. Priorities must be determined, depending on available resources. Indigenous resources should be harnessed and other resources tapped, including funding from international organisations. The Internet has considerable potential in developing countries: it is relevant to lobbying for more government support and budget allocation; it ffers delivery modes for the collection and dissemination of information; it may The Internet and be used to mobilise support among specialised ministries, universities and its impact on industries to produce and manage information, and to emphasise institutional China and India arrangements to influence policy makers and information purveyors to promote the Internet for the country’s development. References Dong, X. (1995), â€Å"The development and management of secondary information systems and services in China†, International Information and Library Review, Vol. 27, pp. 83-94. ERNET to Academic and Research Community (1995), brochure. Gartner Group (1996), â€Å"Information industry in Asia and Pacific is catching up and will become a main player in the 21st century†, China Infoworld, Vol. 41. Ge, W. (1996), â€Å"Internet in China: the state of art and perspectives†, China Computerworld, Vol. 9, September. Guide to Chinese Databases (1996), State Planning Commission and the State Scientific and Technological Commission, Beijing. Handbook of Press and Publ ication Statistics in China (1996), Press and Publications Administration, Beijing.Information Centre of China Internet (1997), â€Å"The current situation of Internet in China†, China Computerworld, Vol. 10, November. Jacobson, T. L. (1994), â€Å"The electronic publishing revolution is not ‘global’ †, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 45 No. 10, pp. 745-52. John, M. (1995), â€Å"Third world faces ‘information poverty’ †, CD News Bank Comprehensive, Reuters America, 11 October. MIDS press release: â€Å"New data on the size of the Internet and the matrix†, . Nagy, H. 1991), â€Å"Information technology in World Bank lending: increasing the development and development impact†, World Bank Discussion Papers, Vol. 120,World Bank, Washington, DC. Ramakrishnan, S. (n. d. ), head, Information Infrastructure Division, Department of Electronics, Government of India, New Delhi, personal communication. Sherry, A. (1995), â€Å"The East is wired†, Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 15. The World Bank Atlas (1996), World Bank, Washington, DC. About the authors Dr Dong Xiaoying is Associate Professor in the Department of Information Management at Peking University.She is also a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of Asian Libraries. Address: Department of Information Management, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. E-mail: [email  protected] bta. net. cn. Dr T. Kanti Srikantaiah is Associate Professor in the Graduate School of Library and Information Science at Dominican University, Graduate School of Library and Information Science, Dominican University, 7900 West Division Street, River Forest, IL 60305. E-mail: [email  protected] dom. edu 209

Ute Indians essays

Ute Indians essays The Ute Indian tribes are the oldest residents of Colorado. They are members of the Shoshonean family. (1)The Utes roamed over a large areas in the Southwest. The Ute mostly lived off hunting and fishing with little farming. However they could not go that far off their territory to hunt because of other tribes who inhabited the areas and who would fight to drive them out. Their traditional enemies were the Navajo Indians who they did not get along with. (2)They speak Shashonean, which is a branch of Uto-Aztecan. The Utes used to be one big tribe but then formed seven different bands that only met up once a year in winter. The Utes came from the north and inhabited the mountainous areas. They are spread out all through Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. They eventually broke off into seven bands, they are the Mouache band, who lived on the eastern slopes of the Rockies and then from Denver south to New Mexico. The Capote band lived in the San Luis Valley near the headwaters of the Rio Grande and in the region of where Chama and Tierra Amarilla are today. The Weeminuche band was in the San Juan River area while the Taegauache lived in the Gunnison and Uncompahgre valleys. The Yamparicas band inhabited the Yampa River Valley. Lastly the Uintah Utes lived in the Uintah Basin, which included the Great Salt Lake Basin. For their government, since the Utes each had their own band of people each band had their own group leader. But later on when they began to come together into larger groups they had one tribal leader or chief. They also have people in charge of things like hunting and gathering food. Every year in the winter the tribal families would all come together and hold big festivities. At this time of the year is when most of their marriages would take place. (3)Every year four days into the early spring they would ...

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Reasons for Imperialism essays Major European powers had for centuries engaged in colonialism however the phenomenon of the period 1870-1914 was expansion in a form never before witnessed. Competitive industrial nations, Great Britain first and foremost set out on a race to divide the world, at least the parts unoccupied namely Africa and Asia between them. In the three decades after 1870 European nations divided up the remainder of the world; by 1900 Europe controlled almost all of Africa and Southeast Asia. Britain had taken over 345 million non-Britons in Africa, India and the Pacific region, France had raised its flag over 56 million people outside Europe, the Netherlands controlled 35 million and Germany almost 15 million. So what was the actual cause of this unprecedented expansion There are several reasons why the European nations competed with each other for colonies but a prime factor was economic motivation. The colonising country could control important markets for its exports and deny these markets to its competitors. Colonies were also important sources of raw materials providing in particular rubber, as well as being the source of more exotic goods for the affluent European market and as opportunities for investment. A country often also increased its wealth by conquering another civilisation and taking its riches or exploiting the mineral wealth of another land. The discovery of gold and diamonds in Africa greatly increased European interest in the continent. Industrialised countries often produced more manufactured goods than their people needed or could afford to buy. Colonies served as markets for these unsold products; Africa and to a lesser extent Asia were seen as a market for industrialised goods produced in Europe. Production costs abroad were lower than at home. The Europeans began to build plantations where they grew peanuts, palm oil, cocoa and rubber. The Congo produced copper and tin. As industrialis...

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